The-ocean-floor

The ocean floor


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   The world beneath the sea surface is as varied as thr more familiar one above water, with huge mountains and volcanoes, vast plains, deep canyons and trenches, and massive ridges that snake across the seafloor.Many seafloor features are the result of melted rock called magma rising up from inside Earth. Where tectonic plates pull apart at a mid-ocean ridge,the magma solidifies and creates new seafloor. Older plate is pushed away from the ridge and eventually may move under a neighbouring plate. This allows more magma to move upwards, creating volcanic islands. Not all seabed features are made by magma-submarine canyons arecaused by erosion around the edges of continents, and abyssal fans are created by submarine currents dropping off the silt they were carrying.

Under the sea

    The seafloor lies about 3.7 km below the surface of the sea. It is made of a rocky oceanic crust, which is covered in muddy sediment. Tectonic plates are generally made up of this oceanic crust and continental crust, along with part of the mantle layer under it . Erupting magma on the seafloor can create volcanic islands and seamounts.

Deep sea smoker


     Usually found near mid-ocean ridges, subsea smokers grow where super-hot water spurts up from the seabed. Seawater seeps down into the seafloor and gets heated. The hot water rises, and surges back into the cold sea, where minerals dissolved in it turn into solid particles, which look like smoke. The particles also build up to form solid chimneys around the plumes of hot whter.